Hormone changes during puberty, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and menopause can make gums redder, more swollen and more likely to bleed, even when brushing habits have not changed. Oestrogen and progesterone increase blood flow to the gum tissue and can change how it responds to plaque, so a small amount of plaque that your gums normally tolerate may suddenly cause inflammation.
This is common and usually manageable. It is also a good reminder that bleeding gums are never something to ignore, because they are the first sign of gum disease.
Key takeaways
- Gums can become more sensitive in the days before a period, during puberty, during pregnancy and around menopause.
- Hormones do not cause gum disease on their own. They exaggerate the gum response to plaque.
- Thorough daily cleaning between the teeth is the most effective prevention.
- Bleeding that continues or happens at all times of the month should be checked by a dentist.
- Professional cleaning and review can be especially helpful during hormonal change.
How do hormones affect gums?
Gum tissue has receptors for sex hormones. When levels of oestrogen and progesterone rise, blood vessels in the gums become more permeable and the tissue reacts more strongly to bacteria in plaque. The result is gingivitis, which means gum inflammation without bone loss. It is reversible with good cleaning. If left untreated it can progress to periodontitis, which is more serious. Our guide to the stages of gum disease explains how that happens.
Life stages when gums may change
| Stage | What may happen | What can help |
|---|---|---|
| Puberty | Red, swollen, bleeding gums, even with modest plaque | Brushing technique, interdental cleaning, check-ups |
| Menstrual cycle | Tender, bleeding gums in the days before a period, sometimes called menstrual gingivitis | Extra care with cleaning, gentle brushing, review if persistent |
| Hormonal contraception | Some people notice more gum inflammation | See the pill and your gums |
| Pregnancy | Gingivitis is common, sometimes a localised lump | See pregnancy gingivitis |
| Menopause | Dry mouth, burning or sensitive gums, possible bone changes | See menopause and oral health |
What does menstrual gingivitis feel like?
Some people notice that their gums look redder, feel puffy or bleed more easily during brushing in the days before their period, and then settle again once it starts. Others may also get mouth ulcers or cold sores at the same time. If the gums settle completely between cycles, that pattern points to a hormonal effect on top of normal plaque. If bleeding persists throughout the month, the cause is more likely plaque-related gum inflammation and needs a dental check.
How to look after your gums
- Brush twice a day with a soft brush. Angle the bristles towards the gum line and use gentle circular motions.
- Clean between your teeth every day. Interdental brushes or floss reach plaque that a toothbrush misses.
- Do not stop when gums bleed. Bleeding usually improves within one to two weeks of consistent cleaning.
- Use an alcohol-free mouthwash if recommended by your dentist.
- Keep your check-ups. A professional clean removes tartar that home care cannot.
- Look after general health. Smoking, poor sleep and stress can all affect gum health.
For more on why gums bleed, see our guide to bleeding gums when brushing.
When to see a dentist
- Gums bleed every time you brush for more than two weeks.
- Swelling, a lump or pus appears in the gums.
- You have persistent bad breath or a bad taste.
- Teeth feel loose or look longer than before.
- You are pregnant or planning pregnancy and have never had a gum check.
Frequently asked questions
Why do my gums bleed before my period?
Hormone changes can increase gum sensitivity and blood flow, so existing plaque causes a stronger reaction. It usually settles after the period begins.
Are bleeding gums during puberty normal?
They are common, but they are still a sign of inflammation. Better cleaning and a dental check usually resolve them.
Can hormones cause gum disease?
Hormones alone do not cause it, but they can make gums react more strongly to plaque and speed up the early stages.
Can I have a dental clean during my period?
Yes. If your gums are tender at that time, let the hygienist know so they can be gentle.
Should I see a doctor as well?
If gum changes come with other symptoms such as irregular cycles or fatigue, speaking with your GP is a sensible step.
Keep your gums healthy
The team at Lumi Dental can check your gums and show you how to clean around them comfortably. See the general dentistry page and our current deals for new patient information.
This article is general information and does not replace advice from your dentist or doctor.
